In ancient Rome, Bona Dea was a goddess of fertility. In an interesting paradox, she was also a goddess of chastity and virginity. Honored originally as an earth goddess, she was an agricultural deity, and was often invoked to protect the area from earthquakes. Unlike many Roman goddesses, Bona Dea seems to have been particularly honored by the lower social classes. Slaves and plebian women who were trying to conceive a child might make offerings to her in hopes of being granted a fertile womb.
Although her principal temple was on the Aventine hill, secret rituals and rites were performed in private homes. Once a year, usually in early December, high-ranking women would gather at the house of Rome's most prominent magistrates, the Pontifex Maximus. While there, the magistrate's wife led secret rituals at which men were forbidden. It was even prohibited to discuss men or anything masculine at the ritual. While the details of these rites are unknown, it is believed they were related to agriculture and fertility.
In the year 62 b.c.e., Julius Caesar was the Pontifex Maximus of Rome. Caesar's wife, Pompeia, was in charge of the Bona Dea rite, which was to be held in her home during her husband's absence. Caesar's mother, Aurelia, was assisting with hostessing duties, because Pompeia wasn't exactly known for being stable. At one point during the evening, Aurelia noticed that one of the cloaked women was extremely tall, and there was something a bit off about her voice. She discovered that the tall woman was in fact a man named Clodius, but he escaped from the house before he could be apprehended. This sacrilege of disrupting the sacred Bona Dea rite was highly upsetting to Romans, and Clodius was eventually caught and brought to trial for his improper act. Rumor had it that he may have been having an adulterous affair with Pompeia. He was later acquitted, but Caesar divorced Pompeia for allowing such an impiety to take place in his home.
Bona Dea's image often appeared on Roman coins, and she is represented by the serpent as well as the cornucopia. The two of them together make it clear that she was a symbol of fertility and abundance. Although the private ritual was held in December, a public festival celebrating Bona Dea was held each year in May, just in time for the planting season.
